Heterologous production of bioactive xenoacremone analogs in Aspergillus nidulans / 中国天然药物

Tyrosine-decahydrofluorene derivatives are a class of hybrid compounds that integrate the properties of polyketides and nonribosomal peptides. These compounds feature a [6.5.6] tricarbocyclic core and a para-cyclophane ether moiety in their structures and exhibit anti-tumor and anti-microbial activities. In this study, we constructed the biosynthetic pathway of xenoacremones from Xenoacremonium sinensis ML-31 in the Aspergillus nidulans host, resulting in the identification of four novel tyrosine-decahydrofluorene analogs, xenoacremones I-L (1-4), along with two known analogs, xenoacremones A and B. Remarkably, compounds 3 and 4 contained a 12-membered para-cyclophane ring system, which is unprecedented among tyrosine-decahydrofluorene analogs in X. sinensis. The successful reconstruction of the biosynthetic pathway and the discovery of novel analogs demonstrate the utility of heterologous expression strategy for the generation of structurally diverse natural products with potential biological activities.

Toxicity attenuation processing technology and mechanism of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction / 中国中药杂志

This study explored toxicity attenuation processing technology of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction for the first time, and further explored its detoxification mechanism. Nine processed products of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction were prepared by orthogonal experiment with three factors and three levels. Based on the decrease in the content of the main hepatotoxic component diosbulbin B before and after processing of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae by high-performance liquid chromatography, the toxicity attenuation technology was preliminarily screened out. On this basis, the raw and representative processed products of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae were given to mice by gavage with 2 g·kg~(-1)(equival to clinical equivalent dose) for 21 d. The serum and liver tissues were collected after the last administration for 24 h. The serum biochemical indexes reflecting liver function and liver histopathology were combined to further screen out and verify the proces-sing technology. Then, the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant indexes of liver tissue were detected by kit method, and the expressions of NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase(GCLM) in mice liver were detected by Western blot to further explore detoxification mechanism. The results showed that the processed products of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction reduced the content of diosbulbin B and improved the liver injury induced by Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bul-biferae to varying degrees, and the processing technology of A_2B_2C_3 reduced the excessive levels of alanine transaminase(ALT) and aspartate transaminase(AST) induced by raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae by 50.2% and 42.4%, respectively(P<0.01, P<0.01). The processed products of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction reversed the decrease protein expression levels of NQO1 and GCLM in the liver of mice induced by raw Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae to varying degrees(P<0.05 or P<0.01), and it also reversed the increasing level of malondialdehyde(MDA) and the decreasing levels of glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPX), and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in the liver of mice(P<0.05 or P<0.01). In summary, this study shows that the optimal toxicity attenuation processing technology of Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction is A_2B_2C_3, that is, 10% of Paeoniae Radix Alba decoction is used for moistening Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae and processed at 130 ℃ for 11 min. The detoxification mechanism involves enhancing the expression levels of NQO1 and GCLM antio-xidant proteins and related antioxidant enzymes in the liver.

Preliminary exploration of detoxification mechanism of processing methods on cardiotoxicity induced by radix Tripterygium wilfordii in mice via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to investigate the detoxification effects of different processing methods on the cardiotoxicity induced by radix Tripterygium wilfordii, and preliminarily explore the detoxification mechanism via the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1(HO-1) pathway. The raw and processed products [stir-fried product, product stir-fried with Lysimachiae Herba(JQC), product stir-fried with Phaseoli Radiati Semen(LD), product stir-fried with Paeoniae Radix Alba(BS), product stir-fried with Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma(GC), and product stir-fried with vinegar(CZ)] of radix T. wilfordii were administrated to mice by gavage at a dose of 2 g·kg~(-1)(based on crude drugs) for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, we measured the serum biochemical indexes of mice to evaluate the detoxification effect. Furthermore, we determined the expression of key proteins of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in mouse heart tissue by Western blot and some oxidation/antioxidation-related indexes by corresponding kits to explore the detoxification mechanism. The administration of the raw product elevated the levels of serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde, a product of cardiac lipid peroxidation(P<0.01), down-regulated the protein levels of Nrf2 and HO-1(P<0.01), and reduced the levels of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase(P<0.01). However, after the administration of the products stir-fried with JQC, LD, BS, GC, and CZ, the abnormalities of the above indexes induced by the raw product were recovered(P<0.05 or P<0.01). In particular, the product stir-fried with JQC showed the best performance. Taken all together, the cardiotoxicity induced by radix T. wilfordii could be attenuated by stir-frying with JQC, LD, BS, GC, and CZ, and the stir-frying with JQC showed the best detoxification effect. The mechanism might be associated with the cardiac antioxidant defense and oxidative damage mitigation mediated by the up-regulated Nrf2.

Effect of Dihydrotestosterone on CostimulatoryMolecules in a Mouse Model of Graves' Disease / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective Graves' disease is the most common autoimmune thyroid disease and its prevalence and clinical manifestations are disparate between females and males. Costimulatory molecules play an essential role in regulating autoimmune responses. The objective of this study was to determine if expression of inhibitory molecules was correlated with treatment by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in an BALB/c mouse model of experimental autoimmune Graves' disease.Methods Female BALB/c mice were immunized three times with thyroid stimulating hormone receptor A-subunit encoded by adenovirus to establish a Graves' disease model. Three different doses of DHT or a matching placebo were administered by implantation of slow-release pellets a week before the first immunization. Four weeks after the third immunization, the mice were euthanatized, and then the spleen and thymus were removed. Total thyroxine and free thyroxine levels in serum of mice were detected using a radioimmunoassay kit. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to estimate the expression of costimulatory molecules in lymphocytes from the spleen and thymus. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the percentage of CD4 T cells in splenic lymphocytes. Quantitative data were compared with unpaired -tests. Correlation between two variables was analyzed using Analysis of Variance.Results Treatment with DHT can dramatically reduce total thyroxine and free thyroxine levels. Higher expression of programmed death-1 was found in the spleen of Graves' disease mice receiving 5 mg of DHT treatment (0.635±0.296 . 0.327±0.212; =2.714, =0.014), similarly, T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) in both the spleen (1.004±0.338 . 0.646±0.314; =2.205, =0.022) and the thymus (0.263±0.127 . 0.120±0.076; =3.221, =0.004) also increased after 5 mg of DHT treatment compared with the parallel placebo model mice. Moreover, the percentage of CD4 T cells declined in the splenic lymphocytes of Graves' disease mice treated with 5 mg of DHT (19.90%±3.985% . 24.05%±2.587%; =2.804, =0.012). A significant negative association was observed between expression of TIM-3 in the spleen and serum levels of total thyroxine (=-0.7106, =0.014) as well as free thyroxine (=-0.6542, =0.029).Conclusion This study demonstrates that DHT can ameliorate experimental autoimmune Graves' disease, which may occur by up-regulating expression of programmed death-1 and TIM-3 and inhibiting development of CD4 T cells.

The bone-hardness distributions of the human middle-upper thoracic vertebrae by micro-indentation / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To measure and analyze the distribution characteristics of the micro-hardness of the middle-upper thoracic vertebrae (T 1-T 10) in the human body. Methods:T 1-T 10 vertebrae from three fresh cadavers were divided into vertebral body area and attachment area. 3 mm specimens were cut by a high-precision slow saw and 11 regions were selected and measured on each vertebrae by a Vickers microhardness tester (cortical bone: 1-9, cancellous bone: 10-11). The micro-hardness distribution of T 1-T 10 vertebrae was recorded and analyzed. Results:A total of 330 measurement areas from 30 vertebrae were measured, and 1 650 hardness values were collected. The average hardness values of the overall cortical bone of the middle-upper thoracic vertebrae of the 3 cadavers were 30.55±5.44 HV, 29.94±4.86 HV, and 29.55±4.36 HV, respectively. The difference among the groups was statistically significant ( F=4.680, P=0.009). The average hardness values of the overall cancellous bone were 27.93±5.61 HV, 28.21±4.96 HV, 27.98±3.94 HV, respectively. There was no significant difference among the groups ( F=0.091, P=0.913). There were statistically significant differences between the hardness values in the attachment area and vertebral body area of each cadaver ( t=7.467, 4.750, 6.621, P<0.001); the hardness of the cancellous bone in the attachment area of each cadaver was higher than that of the cancellous bone in the vertebral body ( t=1.785, 3.159, 3.103, P=0.077, 0.002, 0.003). The distribution of microhardness in 11 measurement areas of 3 cadavers were similar: the hardness of the cortical bone of pedicle, lamina and inferior endplate cortex (1, 2, 7) were higher; the hardness of the cortical bone of upper endplate and peripheral cortex (6, 8, 9) were lower. The distribution patterns of the microhardness in different vertebral segments of the 3 cadavers were similar: The hardness values gradually increased from T 1 to T 10. The vertebra with the largest hardness of the cortical bone was T 8; and the vertebra with the largest hardness of the cancellous bone were T 7, T 7 and T 6, respectively. Conclusion:The hardness of the upper endplate and peripheral cortex was low, which could disperse the load to protect the fragile cancellous bone. The hardness of the pedicle was the highest. The hardness of the cortical bone was higher than that of the cancellous bone, and the values of different segments gradually increased from top to bottom, which may be related to the physiological and anatomical morphology, and the gradual increase of the load of muscle force and body weight.

Diagnosis and treatment of acute abdomen associated with liver cancer rupture / 国际外科学杂志

Liver cancer rupture is a serious complication of liver cancer, often with acute abdomen as the first symptom, which has features of acute onset, rapid progress, re-bleeding risk, high mortality, is a critical and severe disease of hepatobiliary surgery. Clinical diagnosis can be made by hepatitis cirrhosis and other related history, acute abdomen clinical manifestations and signs of acute abdomen and related auxiliary examination. The main treatment of acute abdomen associated with liver cancer rupture include conservative treatment, interventional therapy and surgical treatment, and other include radio-frequency ablation and liver transplantation and so on. However, the indications and timing of treatment for liver cancer rupture have not been clearly standardized, and it has been controversial when to choose the treatment plan for patients with liver cancer rupture. For clinicians, rapid diagnosis, effective hemostasis, saving the patient′s life and bringing the best prognosis are the key and difficult points of clinical work. In this paper, the progress of diagnosis and treatment of acute abdomen associated with liver cancer rupture is reviewed and summarized, and the treatment plan of acute abdomen associated with liver cancer rupture, the timing and indication of conservative treatment, interventional therapy and surgical treatment for liver cancer rupture are considered.

Research and surgical application of fluorescent contrast agents / 国际外科学杂志

In recent years,the use of fluorescent contrast agents staining to guide surgery has flourished in various fields of surgery under the concept of precision surgery,which is helpful to guide surgery and provide surgeons with actual visible fluorescence imaging.Clinically,fluorescent contrast agent can be used to display tumor's outline with high recognition degree,guide operation in real time,locate lymph node metastasis,detect small metastases,and identify important anatomical structures during the operation to avoid possible side-injury.Great progress has been made in the study of fluorescent contrast agents that can mediate surgery,including the study and surgical application development of classical fluorescent contrast agents such as indocyanine green and methylene blue,etc,as well as the discovery and clinical application of new targeted fluorescent contrast agents such as folate receptor targeting contrast agents,monoclonal antibody based fluorescent targeting contrast agents and intelligent contrast agents,etc.This paper will review the research and surgical application of fluorescent contrast agents in two aspects:classical fluorescent contrast agents and new targeted fluorescent contrast agents.

Research and surgical application of fluorescent contrast agents / 国际外科学杂志

In recent years, the use of fluorescent contrast agents staining to guide surgery has flourished in various fields of surgery under the concept of precision surgery, which is helpful to guide surgery and provide surgeons with actual visible fluorescence imaging.Clinically, fluorescent contrast agent can be used to display tumor’s outline with high recognition degree, guide operation in real time, locate lymph node metastasis, detect small metastases, and identify important anatomical structures during the operation to avoid possible side-injury. Great progress has been made in the study of fluorescent contrast agents that can mediate surgery, including the study and surgical application development of classical fluorescent contrast agents such as indocyanine green and methylene blue, etc, as well as the discovery and clinical application of new targeted fluorescent contrast agents such as folate receptor targeting contrast agents, monoclonal antibody based fluorescent targeting contrast agents and intelligent contrast agents, etc. This paper will review the research and surgical application of fluorescent contrast agents in two aspects: classical fluorescent contrast agents and new targeted fluorescent contrast agents.

Micro-hardness distribution of proximal tibia in human skeleton / 中华骨科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the microhardness distribution of cancellous bone in the proximal tibia and its clinical significance.@*Methods@#Three fresh tibias were obtained and examined by X-ray and CT to exclude skeletal pathologies, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis. According to the Heim's square, the proximal tibias were cut off. Each of the proximal tibias was divided into three parts, the medial condyle, the intercondylar area and the lateral condyle. Each part was divided into three sections, proximal, middle and distal sections. Each of the proximal tibias was divided into 9 regions. Bone specimens with a thickness of 3 mm were taken from each region using a high precision low-speed saw and fixed on flat sheets. The microhardness of the bone tissue was measured using a Vickers microhardness tester after polish. Ten effective micro-indentation tests were conducted in each region. After measurement the diagonal length of the indentations, the microhardness values were calculated via software provided by the hardness tester. Analysis of variance and Tukey method were used to compare the microhardness values of different parts, sections and regions of cancellous bone. The microhardness distribution of the proximal tibia was analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 270 effective indentations were made in the specimens, and the microhardness values were obtained. The average microhardness of the three proximal tibias was 40.98±3.44, 34.92±4.64 and 39.49±3.86 HV, respectively. There was a significant difference among the groups (F=55.87, P=0.000). The microhardness distribution of bone tissue in the three proximal tibias was similar. In the comparison of different parts, the microhardness of medial condyle was greater than that of the lateral condyle, which was larger than that of the intercondylar area. The difference between the parts was statistically significant (F=18.42, 8.236, 10.877; P=0.000, 0.001, 0.000). In the comparison of different sections, the microhardness of the distal section was greater than that of the proximal section, which was larger than that of the middle section. The difference between the sections was statistically significant (F=8.720, 17.140, 6.142; P=0.000, 0.000, 0.003). The microhardness distribution was similar among different regions. The region with the highest microhardness is the medial condyle of the distal section with microhardness of 44.87±3.25 HV (range 39.2-49.7 HV). The lowest microhardness was in the intercondylar area of the middle section with hardness of 29.41±4.53 HV (range 24.8-36.2 HV).@*Conclusion@#The microhardness value of cancellous bone near the articular surface at the proximal tibia was smaller, which could disperse the load and protect the fragile of articular cartilage. Furthermore, the microhardness of the transition zone is larger. The microhardness value of the cancellous bone in medial tibia condyle is the greatest, which is related to load-bearing.

Distribution characteristics and clinical significance of clavicle microindentation hardness / 中华创伤杂志

Objective@#To investigate the distribution characteristics and significance of bone hardness in different segments and layers of clavicle.@*Methods@#The right clavicles of three fresh Chinese corpses were taken and then divided into proximal, middle and distal segments according to Allman's classification. The clavicles were cut with diamond saw in the vertical of long axis equidistant exactly into 15 layers (proximal: 3 layers; midshaft: 7 layers; distal: 5 layers), and each layer was divided into four directions: superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. The bone hardness were measured by Vickers microindentation, HV(kgf/mm2). The distribution of bone hardness was recorded and analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 180 parts of cortical bone were measured, generating 900 measurements. Meanwhile, a total of 45 parts of cancellous bone were measured, generating 225 measurements. We found that: (1)The average hardness of cortical bone was (35.9±8.1)HV, and the midshaft segment [(41.3±6.8)HV] was harder than the proximal segment [(33.8±6.1)HV] and the distal segment [(29.7±5.4)HV](P<0.05); (2)The average hardness of cancellous bone was (30.7±6.2)HV, and there were significant differences among the midshaft segment [(34.5±5.5)HV], the proximal segment [(29.2±2.9)HV] and the distal segment [(26.3±5.1)HV](P<0.05); (3)for cortical bone, the hardest segment was the fifth layer of the midshaft segment [(44.8±8.6)HV] while the most soft segment was the fourth layer of the distal segment [(28.0±3.5)HV](P<0.05); (4)for cancellous bone, the hardest segment was the fifth layer of the midshaft segmnet [(36.8±5.1)HV] while the most soft was the fifth layer of the distal segment [(23.0±4.4)HV](P<0.05); (5)There were no statistically significant differences among four directions of segments(P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#The microindentation hardness varies greatly among different segments and layers of the clavicles. The cortical bone and cancellous bone have consistent hardness changes, which shows that the middle segment is obviously harder than the proximal and distal segments with a gradually gradient decreasing trend from the middle to both ends. The data can be used to guide the design of 3D printing implants that conform to the stress conduction characteristics of the clavicle under physiological conditions, and provide good data support for the modeling and finite element analysis of the clavicle under simulated physiological conditions.

Distribution characteristics and clinical significance of clavicle microindentation hardness / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics and significance of bone hardness in different segments and layers of clavicle. Methods The right clavicles of three fresh Chinese corpses were taken and then divided into proximal, middle and distal segments according to Allman's classification. The clavicles were cut with diamond saw in the vertical of long axis equidistant exactly into 15 layers ( proximal:3 layers; midshaft:7 layers; distal:5 layers ) , and each layer was divided into four directions:superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. The bone hardness were measured by Vickers microindentation, HV ( kgf/mm2 ) . The distribution of bone hardness was recorded and analyzed. Results A total of 180 parts of cortical bone were measured, generating 900 measurements. Meanwhile, a total of 45 parts of cancellous bone were measured, generating 225 measurements. We found that:(1)The average hardness of cortical bone was (35.9 ±8.1)HV, and the midshaft segment[(41.3 ±6.8)HV] was harder than the proximal segment [(33.8 ±6.1)HV] and the distal segment [(29.7±5.4)HV](P<0.05);(2)Theaveragehardnessofcancellousbonewas(30.7±6.2)HV, and there were significant differences among the midshaft segment [(34. 5 ± 5. 5)HV], the proximal segment [(29.2±2.9)HV] and the distal segment [(26.3 ±5.1)HV](P<0.05);(3)for cortical bone, the hardest segment was the fifth layer of the midshaft segment [(44. 8 ± 8. 6)HV] while the most soft segment was the fourth layer of the distal segment [(28. 0 ± 3. 5)HV](P<0. 05);(4)for cancellous bone, the hardest segment was the fifth layer of the midshaft segmnet [(36. 8 ± 5. 1)HV] while the most soft was the fifth layer of the distal segment [(23. 0 ± 4. 4) HV] (P<0. 05);(5) There were no statistically significant differences among four directions of segments(P >0. 05). Conclusion The microindentation hardness varies greatly among different segments and layers of the clavicles. The cortical bone and cancellous bone have consistent hardness changes, which shows that the middle segment is obviously harder than the proximal and distal segments with a gradually gradient decreasing trend from the middle to both ends. The data can be used to guide the design of 3D printing implants that conform to the stress conduction characteristics of the clavicle under physiological conditions, and provide good data support for the modeling and finite element analysis of the clavicle under simulated physiological conditions.

The outside measurement study of micro-hardness distribution of ulna / 中华骨科杂志

Objective To study the micro-hardness distribution of ulna and explore its correlation with surgical procedures of ulnar fractures,internal fixator,total elbow arthroplasty and the epidemiology of ulna fracture.Methods The ulna wasdivided into proximal metaphysis,diaphysis,and distal metaphysis.The proximal metaphysis was divided into the olecranon and the metaphysis olecranon of ulna.Thedistal epiphysis included the head of ulna.The shaft of the ulna was divided equally into nine segments.Each ulna was sawed by a band saw into twelve parts,which were prepared for the micro-indention testing.The micro-indention testing samples precision cuts were conductedwith a Buehler Isomet 11-1280-250 low speed diamond saw.Each micro-indention sample was cut 3mm thickness and fixed on glass sheet with epoxy resin.The samples surface was polished with progressive grades of sandpaper.Micro-indentation was pedormed on each bone sample sudace using a vicker micro-hardness tester,and the hardness value were measured as Hardness value (HV,HV=kgf/mm2).Twenty indentions were randomly selected on each sample,which were equally divided into four quadrants (anterior,medial,posterior and lateral).Hence,a total of 720 micro-indentations were pedormed on the three ulna.Before indention,each sample was controlled under the optical microscope where the bone surface was intact and not damaged.The micro-indentations were performed on each sample with a load of 50 g.The indentation time was set to 12 s.Hardness value (HV/0.05) was computed for each indentation.The lengths of the diagonals were measured under reflected light microscopy,and the Vickers hardness value was calculated.Indentations in which one diagonal was 10％ longer or more than the other were ignored.The indention was repeated.These preliminary data were used to determine the appropriate sample size of micro =indentation to be performed on each bone segment.SPSS 19.0 statistical software was used for statisticalanalysis.The one =way ANOVA analysis was used to compare the difference of bone micro-hardness values in different parts,and P ＜ 0.05 was statistically significant.Results The hardest part of the ulna is the lower ulnaand the value of micro-hardness was 47.77 HV.The least hard part was the head of ulna and the value of micro-hardness was 29.64 HV.The proximal metaphysis hardness value was 34.39 HV.The shaft hardness value was 43.47 HV.Thedistal metaphysis hardness value was 29.64 HV.The hardness was higher in diaphysis than metaphysis in the ulna with statistical significance.There was no statistically significant difference in the hardness of ulna anterior,medial,posterior and lateral quadrant.Conclusion It is demonstrated that the micro-hardnessof ulna shaft is significant higher than other two parts of ulna.The micro-hardness value difference was not significant among the anterior,medial,posterior and lateral quadrant.This study revealed the distribution rule of ulna micro-hardness and provided data support for the total elbow arthroplasty with human physiological characteristics through 3D printing.

Epidemiological survey of glenoid fractures between the east and west areas in China from 2010 through 2011 / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To compare the epidemiological characteristics of glenoid fractures between the east and west areas in China from 2010 through 2011.Methods The data of glenoid fractures treated between January 2010 and December 2011 at 35 east hospitals and 28 west ones in China were analyzed retrospectively.The patients' gender,age and type of Ideberg classification were documented.The data from the 35 east hospitals were classified as group A while those from the 28 west ones as group B.Comparisons were made to find out the general epidemiological characteristics.Results A total of 347 glenoid fractures were collected.The total male/female ratio was 2.69∶ 1.The glenoid fractures predominated in 2 age ranges from 41 to 50 years and from 51 to 60 years (19.60％).According to the Ideberg classification,there were 75 cases (21.61％) of type Ⅰ,152 ones (43.80％) of type Ⅱ,27 ones (7.78％) of type Ⅲ,20 ones (5.76％) of type Ⅳ,46 ones (13.26％) of type Ⅴ and 27 ones (7.78％) of type Ⅵ.The male/female ratio was 2.80∶1 in group A of 228 patients and 2.50∶1 in group B of 119 patients.The median age of group A was 47 years old and that of group B 44 years old.The differences were not statistically significant in male/female ratio,median age or distribution of age between the 2 groups (P ＞ 0.05).The fractures predominated in the age range from 51 to 60 years old (23.68％) in group A and in the age range from 31 to 40 years old (21.85％) in group B.The most frequent fracture type was type Ⅱin both groups,accounting for 41.23％ and 48.74％ respectively.There was a significant difference between the 2 groups in distribution of Ideberg classification (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The peak age of glenoid fractures was from 41 to 60 years,the high-risk type was Ideberg type Ⅱ and there were more male patients than female ones.The proportion of Ideberg type Ⅴ in the east area was higher than that in the west area.

Epidemiological survey of scapular neck fractures between the east and west areas in China from 2010 through 2011 / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To compare the epidemiological characteristics of scapular neck fracture between the east and west areas in China from 2010 through 2011.Methods Tbe data of scapular neck fractures treated between January 2010 and December 2011 at 35 east hospitals and 28 west ones were analyzed retrospectively.The patients' gender,age and Miller classification were documented.The data from the 35 east hospitals were classified as group A while the data from the 28 west ones as group B.Comparisons were made to find out the general epidemiological characteristics.Results A total of 584 scapular neck fractures were collected.The total male/female ratio was 3.46∶ 1.The scapular neck fractures predominated in an age range from 41 to 50 years (25.17％).According to the Miller classification,there were 150 cases (25.68％) of type Ⅰ,306 ones (52.40％) of type Ⅱ and 128 ones (21.92％) of type Ⅲ.426 cases (72.95％) were stable fractures and 158 ones (27.05％) unstable fractures.The male/female ratio was 3.64∶1 in group A of 427 patients and 3.03∶1 in group B of 157 patients.There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in male/female ratio (P ＞ 0.05).The median age of group A (44 years) was significantly older than that of group B (39 years).The fractures predominated in an age range from 41 to 50 years (24.36％) in group A and in the age range from 31 to 40 years (36.31％) in group B.The most frequent fracture type was type Ⅱ in both groups,accounting for 51.52％ and 54.78％ respectively.There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in distribution of Miller classification (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The peak age of scapular neck fractures was from 41 to 50 years,the high-risk type was Miller type Ⅱ and stable fractures were more common.There were more male patients than female ones.The median age in the east area was older than that in the west area.

Huaiqihuang Granules () reduce proteinuria by enhancing nephrin expression and regulating necrosis factor κB signaling pathway in adriamycin-induced nephropathy / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of Huaiqihuang Granules (, HQH), a mixture of Chinese herbs including Trametes robiniophila Murr, Fructus Lycii and Polygonatum sibiricum, on adriamycininduced nephropathy (ADRN) in rats and its underlying mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats with ADRN were divided into four groups: the sham group, the model group (distilled water), the low-dose HQH-treated (2 g/kg) group, and the high-dose HQH-treated (4 g/kg) group. Body weight and 24-h urinary protein (Upro) were checked every week. After 5-week intervention, at the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for examination of biochemical parameters, including glomerular morphological makers, podocyte shape, cellular apoptosis, expressions of nephrin, inflammatory and apoptosis markers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HQH ameliorated the rat's general status, proteinuria, renal morphological appearance and glomerulosclerosis. The decreased expression of nephrin in ADRN rats was increased by HQH, as well as the impaired podocyte foot process fusion. Cytosolic levels of p65 and inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα) were decreased in ADRN rats, and recovered by the treatment of HQH. Consistently, the induced expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), phosphorylated nuclear factor κB p65 (p-NFκB p65) and IκBα in ADRN were markedly suppressed by HQH. In addition, induction of Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome C in ADRN rats were suppressed by HQH, indicating the amelioration of apoptosis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HQH could ameliorate renal impairments in ADRN rats by increasing nephrin expression, inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway via the down-regulation of p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα, and suppression of glomerular and tubular apoptosis.</p>

Epidemiological investigation and analysis of upper cervical spine injury in The Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University from 2003 to 2012 / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemiological features and trends of upper cervical spine injury in The Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University from 2003 to 2012.Methods The clinical data of upper cervical spine fractures treated between January 2003 and December 2012 at our hospital were collected through the PACS system and case reports checking system.The fractures treated from January 2003 through December 2007 were assigned into group A while those from January 2008 through December 2012 into group B.Analytic items included gender,age and fracture type.Results A total of 201 upper cervical spine fractures were treated during the 10 years,accounting for 1.6％ (201/12,427) of the spinal fractures and 0.2％ (201 / 107,648) of all human fractures.They were 125 males and 76 female,with a male to female ratio of 1.64∶ 1.Their ages ranged from 16 to 97 years,with a mean age of 42 years.The age distribution showed that the peak age was from 21 to 50 years (65.2％,131/201).Sixty cases were atlas fractures and 141 axis fractures,most of which were both males.Sixteen upper cervical spine fractures were complicated with lower cervical spine injury,accounting for 8.0％ of all the upper cervical spine fractures (16/201).In group A,the upper cervical spine injury accounted for 2.3％ (106/4,676) of the contemporary spinal injury and 0.2％ (106/55,423) of the contemporary human fractures;in group B,the upper cervical spine injury accounted for 1.2％ (95/7,751) of the contemporary spinal injury and 0.2％ (95/52,225) of the contemporary human fractures.Compared with group A,the proportion of type C atlas injury in group B increased by 39.6％.Conclusions The upper cervical spine fractures during the 10 years accounted for 1.6％ of the spinal fractures and 0.2％ of all human fractures.Most of the patients were young male adults.The axis fractures accounted for 70.1％ of the upper cervical spine injury,most of which (62.4％) were dens fractures.8.0％ of the patients were complicated with lower cervical spine injury.Comparisons between the former and latter 5 years showed no significant difference in gender constituent ratio,a significant difference in age constituent ratio and an increasing trend in type C atlas injury.

Epidemiological investigation and analysis of upper cervical spine injury in The Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University from 2003 to 2012 / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemiological features and trends of upper cervical spine injury in The Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University from 2003 to 2012.Methods The clinical data of upper cervical spine fractures treated between January 2003 and December 2012 at our hospital were collected through the PACS system and case reports checking system.The fractures treated from January 2003 through December 2007 were assigned into group A while those from January 2008 through December 2012 into group B.Analytic items included gender,age and fracture type.Results A total of 201 upper cervical spine fractures were treated during the 10 years,accounting for 1.6％ (201/12,427) of the spinal fractures and 0.2％ (201 / 107,648) of all human fractures.They were 125 males and 76 female,with a male to female ratio of 1.64∶ 1.Their ages ranged from 16 to 97 years,with a mean age of 42 years.The age distribution showed that the peak age was from 21 to 50 years (65.2％,131/201).Sixty cases were atlas fractures and 141 axis fractures,most of which were both males.Sixteen upper cervical spine fractures were complicated with lower cervical spine injury,accounting for 8.0％ of all the upper cervical spine fractures (16/201).In group A,the upper cervical spine injury accounted for 2.3％ (106/4,676) of the contemporary spinal injury and 0.2％ (106/55,423) of the contemporary human fractures;in group B,the upper cervical spine injury accounted for 1.2％ (95/7,751) of the contemporary spinal injury and 0.2％ (95/52,225) of the contemporary human fractures.Compared with group A,the proportion of type C atlas injury in group B increased by 39.6％.Conclusions The upper cervical spine fractures during the 10 years accounted for 1.6％ of the spinal fractures and 0.2％ of all human fractures.Most of the patients were young male adults.The axis fractures accounted for 70.1％ of the upper cervical spine injury,most of which (62.4％) were dens fractures.8.0％ of the patients were complicated with lower cervical spine injury.Comparisons between the former and latter 5 years showed no significant difference in gender constituent ratio,a significant difference in age constituent ratio and an increasing trend in type C atlas injury.

Epidemiological survey of glenoid fractures in the Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University from 2003 through 2012 / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To analyze the epidemiological features and trends of glenoid fractures from 2003 through 2012 in the Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University.Methods The clinical data were collected of the patients with glenoid fracture who had been treated between January 2003 and December 2012 in our hospital.The patients' gender,age and fracture type of Ideberg classification were documented.The data from January 2003 to December 2007 were assigned into group A and those from January 2008 to December 2012 into group B.The 2 groups were compared to find out the general epidemiological characteristics and trends in the recent 10 years.Results A total of 225 patients with glenoid fracture were collected,including 176 males and 49 females.The total male/female ratio was 3.59∶ 1.The glenoid fractures predominated in an age range of 31 to 40 years (23.56％).According to Ideberg classification,there were 35 cases (15.56％) of type Ⅰ,58 ones (25.78％) of type Ⅱ,64 ones (28.44％) of type Ⅲ,21 ones (9.33％) of type Ⅳ,30 ones(13.33％) of type Ⅴ and 17 ones(7.56％) of type Ⅵ.The male/female ratio was 5.29∶1 in group A of 107 patients and 2.69∶1 in group B of 118 patients.The mean age of group A was 40.2 ± 16.0 years and that of group B 47.5 ± 14.8 years.The differences in male/female ratio,mean age and distribution of age were statistically significant between the 2 groups (P ＜ O.05).The fractures predominated in an age range of 31 to 40 years (28.97％) in group A and in the age group of 51 to 60 years (27.12％) in group B.The most frequent fracture type was type Ⅲ in both groups,accounting for 29.91％ and 27.12％ respectively.There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in distribution of Ideberg classification (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The peak age of glenoid fractures was from 31 to 40 years.There was an increasing trend in the mean age.There were more male patients than female ones.The high-frequency type was Ideberg type Ⅲ.

Epidemiological analysis of adult fractures at the base of the first metacarpal bone in The Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University from 2003 through 2012 / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemiological features and trends of adult fractures at the base of the first metacarpal bone in The Third Mfiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University from 2003 through 2012.Methods The data of human fractures treated between January 2003 to December 2012 at our hospital were collected through the PACS system and case reports checking system.Adult fractures at the base of the first metacarpal bone were included in the present study and assigned into 2 groups,group A containing the data between 2003 and 2007 and group B the data between 2008 and 2012.Comparison and analysis was done with analytic items of gender,age and fracture type.Results A total of 378 adult fractures at the base of the first metacarpal bone were included,accounting for 1.92％ of hand fractures and 0.35％ of the total adult fractures at the same period.The fractures involved 311 males (82.28％) and 67 females (17.72％).The youth group had 254 fractures with the highest constituent ratio (67.20％).The right side was involved in 286 cases (75.66％) and the left side in 92 (24.34％).There were 198 cases of extra-articular fracture with the highest constituent ratio (52.38％).Group A had 200 fractures,a male to female ratio of 6.14∶ 1,a median age of 34 years,the highest constituent ratio in youth (73.50％) and in type A1 fractures (53.50％);group B had 178 fractures,a male to female ratio of 3.56∶ 1,a median age of 40 years,the highest constituent ratio in youth (60.11％) and in type A1 fractures (51.12％).Compared with group A,group B had a higher constituent ratio of females,older ages,a higher constituent ratio of elderly patients,a lower constituent ratio of youth,and a lower constituent ratio of type C1 fractures.All these differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions During the 10 year,the adult fractures at the base of the first metacarpal bone accounted for 1.92％ of hand fractures and 0.35％ of the total adult fractures at the same period.The fractures occurred mostly in men and in the age range of 16 to 44 years.About 3/4 of them occurred on the right side.Compared with the first 5 years,the latter 5 years witnessed increasing trends of female and elderly patients and decreasing trends of young patients and type C1 fractures.

Epidemiological investigation of humeral intercondylar fractures at The Third Affiliated Hospital to Hebei Medical University from 2003 through 2012 / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemiological features and trends of humeral intercondylar fractures at our hospital from 2003 through 2012.Methods The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed of all the patients with humeral intercondylar fracture who had been treated between January 2003 and December 2012 at our institute.The patients' age,gender,fracture site and AO classification were documented.The data between 2003 and 2007 were classified as group A while the data between 2008 and 2012 as group B.The epidemiological characteristics during the 10 years concerning age,gender and fracture type were compared between the 2 groups.Results A total of 303 humeral intercondylar fractures were recorded,accounting for 5.29％ of the distal humeral fractures,3.39％ of the elbow fractures and 0.24％ of the total fractures at the same period.They involved 197 males and 106 females,with a male/female ratio of 1.86∶ 1.The high-risk age group was adolescent and middle-aged adults,accounting for 63.70％.The high-risk type was type 13-C2,accounting for 44.00％.There were 171 and 132 cases in group A and group B,accounting for 5.40％ and 5.17％ of the contemporary distal humeral fractures,3.72％ and 3.05％ of the contemporary elbow fractures,and 0.26％ and 0.22％ of all the contemporary fractures,respectively,showing no significant differences between the 2 groups(P ＞ 0.05).In groups A and B respectively,the male/female ratios were 1.44∶1 and 2.67∶ 1,the proportions of adolescents and the middle-aged 58.48％ and 70.45％,the proportions of type 13-C1 35.83％ and 18.10％,and the proportions of type 13-C3 14.17％ and 44.76％,showing significant differences between the 2 groups in all the above comparisons (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The humeral intercondylar fractures were common in the adolescent and middle-aged patients,with a male predominance (about twice more in males).Compared with the first five years,the latter 5 years witnessed increased proportions of males,adolescent and middle-aged patients,and type 13-C3 but a decreased proportion of type 13-C1.